Yuriev-Polsky. Sights, photos, what a tourist should see on his own, route, excursions

Where is Yuryev-Polsky located?

Yuryev-Polsky is located on the banks of the small river Koloksha, Vladimir region. The settlement was founded in 1152. Initially, the city connected trade routes from Rostov the Great, Pereslavl-Zalessky and Suzdal. The development of the settlement was rapid, but with the rise of Moscow it became a small town.

Now the city is often visited by tourists who are interested in the history of their native country and lovers of antiquity. Many buildings built before the Mongol yoke have been preserved here. The monasteries preserve the spirit of that time and the majesty of the buildings of that time.

There are buildings from the 19th century that also have an interesting architectural style. The population is around 19,000 people. The streets are laid out according to a regular rectangle, so walking on foot will be a special pleasure.

The city is located in the north-west of the Vladimir region. There is no own airport here. The closest one is located in the city of Ivanovo. Next you will need to transfer to a bus or car. Moscow is located 180 km from Yuryev-Polsky, so the journey by car will take 2-3 hours. The path goes through Kirzhach with Kolchugino. You need to take the A-105 highway.

You can get into the city by train. The railway station is located in the southern part - approximately 1.5 km from the central square. Long-distance trains and several electric trains regularly run into the city.

Not far from the railway station there is a bus station where regular buses arrive from Moscow, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Vladimir and Aleksandrov. 3-4 buses leave Moscow daily from the Shchelkovskaya metro station. The journey to the city will take 4 hours.

Yuriev-Polsky

History of Yuryev-Polsky

Since ancient times, residents of Vladimir Opolye have been engaged in agriculture.
The fertile lands in the Koloksha Valley allowed them to grow grain and graze livestock. According to one version, it was active farming and large pastures that became the reasons for the appearance of vast forest-steppes here. In 1152, by the will of Moscow Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, a settlement was founded at a trade crossroads. It was named after Prince Yuri and its location - on the field, however, at first they wrote about the city “Gyurgev” or “Gergev”. Yuriev-Polsky grew quickly and by the beginning of the 13th century became the center of a small principality.

In 1238, Rus' was attacked by Mongol troops, and the city was severely devastated. Warlike nomads raided and devastated Russian lands several more times. The invasions of the khans Tokhtamysh (1382) and Edigei (1408) caused great damage to the city. In the 14th century, Moscow was chosen as the capital of the princely lands, and the role of Yuryev-Polsky noticeably decreased. For a long time it did not develop and turned into a quiet county town.

In 1968, one of the episodes of the film “The Golden Calf”, a film version of the novel of the same name by Ilya Ilf and Yevgeny Petrov, was filmed on the streets of the city. Old pre-revolutionary buildings and shopping arcades served as the backdrop for the city of Arbatov invented by the writers. After some time, “Golden Calf” became one of the tourist brands of Yuryev-Polsky, and today a cafe popular with tourists bears this name.

Monument to the founder of the city Yuri Dolgoruky

St. George's Cathedral

On May 1st Street, 100 meters from the city center, stands the white stone St. George's Cathedral. The first temple on this site was founded during the reign of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. It existed for only half a century and, according to the chronicles, was destroyed during a strong earthquake. When this happened, the reigning prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich ordered to dismantle the stone ruins and build a new cathedral.

St. George's Cathedral was built in 1234. It was distinguished by rich white stone carvings. The walls of the temple were covered with images of animals, birds and Christian saints. Together with the ornament, they made up pictures connected by a common plot.

St. George's Cathedral

By the middle of the 15th century, St. George's Cathedral had become dilapidated and partially collapsed. The Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III Vasilyevich, having learned about this, ordered the immediate restoration of the shrine. The famous architect from Moscow Ermolin undertook to restore the temple. There were no stone quarries near Yuryev-Polsky, so the builders had to erect collapsed walls from old stones. The temple turned out to be lower, but it became much stronger. The boundary between new and old masonry is clearly visible even today. Placed in the 15th century, the stones run diagonally from top to bottom, from the northwest corner of the building.

In the 17th century, a tented bell tower was erected near the cathedral. Then it was replaced with a four-tier one. And in the 19th century, a warm Church of the Exaltation of the Cross appeared near the cathedral. Later, several restorations of St. George's Cathedral took place, during which the bell tower and later temple extensions were dismantled.

The single-domed cathedral has a cubic quadrangle and three semicircular apses. A massive dome with a cross rests on a squat light drum. The northern portal is better preserved than others and looks great. Previously, it overlooked the main square of Yuryev-Polsky.

On the walls of the cathedral you can see images of Christ, St. George the Victorious, holy warriors - patrons of the Vladimir princes, lions, a centaur, peacocks and intricate floral patterns. Most of the carved white stone bas-reliefs form a single plot, but some are located separately. This discrepancy appeared after restoration work in the 15th century. Medieval builders used stones from a collapsed building and some of them were placed in random order.

The carved elephant should be found on the northern façade. It is located above a column topped with a woman's head. To see the elephant, it is advised to move a little away from the cathedral, and then it will not be covered by the lower bas-reliefs.

Where did the image of the elephant in Yuryev-Polsky come from? The carvers who worked in Ancient Rus' could see it only on the pages of manuscripts. If you look closely, the image on St. George's Cathedral is not an elephant, but a mythological animal. The trunk and tusks are those of an elephant, the ears are those of a hare, and the limbs are those of a bird.

Nowadays, services in the temple are rarely held. The rest of the time it is open to tourists as a museum. Samples of ancient Russian white stone carvings are displayed inside. Here is also the “Svyatoslav Cross”, which was made by order of the ancestor of the Yuryev princes - Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (1196-1252).

Michael the Arkhangelsk Monastery

To the north of St. George's Cathedral, closer to the center of Yuryev-Polsky, lies the territory of the monastery. The buildings of the Michael-Arkhangelsk monastery stand in a ring of powerful earthen ramparts and fortress walls, so they look like a Kremlin. The monastery was founded in the 13th century by the son of Vsevolod the Big Nest - Prince Svyatoslav. Initially, its churches and cells were wooden, and when the Mongol troops attacked Rus', they easily burned the monastery.

Yuriev-Polsky survived more than one invasion of the Horde, so for about two centuries they did not even try to restore the monastery. Changes came only in the 16th century, when a stone wall and towers were built instead of a wooden palisade. The first stone temple appeared here in 1560. It was erected with the money of Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Kubensky. We don’t know what this church looked like, because it has not been preserved.

Michael-Arkhangelsk monastery was considered rich. She received many gifts from Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, whose estate was located not far from Yuryev-Polsky, in the village of Bolsheluchinskoye.

Today the monastery is a beautiful architectural ensemble consisting of buildings from the 17th-18th centuries. It has a small but very well-groomed territory on which exhibitions of the local history and art museum are located. At the same time, a monastic community lives here, and church services are regularly held in the temples. Near the monastery there is a monument to the founder of Yuryev-Polsky, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky.

The central place in the monastery is occupied by the Archangel Michael Cathedral. The five-domed temple was built at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries with money raised by the residents of Yuryev-Polsky. The cathedral is richly decorated with rustication, cornices and carved friezes. The icon of Archangel Michael is kept here, which, together with the soldiers of the 5th regiment of the Vladimir militia, marched along the roads of the Patriotic War of 1812-1814.

To the north-west of the cathedral rises a beautiful multi-tiered bell tower of the 18th century. The slender octagonal building is decorated on all sides with carved ornaments, and three rows of “rumors” are installed on the top of the tent.

To the south of the cathedral stands the Church of the Sign, which appeared in 1625. The low, single-domed temple has a spacious refectory. Its first floor is used for economic purposes, and covered passages lead to the archimandrite and fraternal buildings.

From the west, the monastery territory is limited by a section of the fortress wall with towers. These fortifications were built in the middle of the 16th century. The Church of St. John the Theologian, built in 1670, rises above the gate leading to the monastery. The five-domed temple has a wide cornice and its architecture echoes the Archangel Michael Cathedral.

Near the bell tower you can see a small overhead chapel and the Church of St. George the Victorious, brought here from the village of Yegoriy. They were built at the beginning of the 18th century for the St. George Monastery and moved to Yuryev-Polsky in 1968. The chapel and church are excellent examples of Russian wooden architecture. They are very beautiful and fit organically into the architectural ensemble of the monastery.

Museums of Yuryev-Polsky

Museum exhibitions occupy the buildings of the Archangel Michael Monastery, on 1 May Street, 4. The main section of the museum is dedicated to the history of the peasantry and agriculture of the Vladimir region. The items collected here allow you to get acquainted with the customs and traditions of the inhabitants of Yuryev-Polsky, starting from ancient times. The display cases display jewelry found by archaeologists, chain mail, a fragment of a mica window, and fossilized rye from the 11th century. In the halls you can see a collection of barn locks, a Russian stove and the interiors of peasant dwellings.

One of the sections of the museum tells about the life of the Russian commander Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration. The central place in it is occupied by the carriage in which the seriously wounded Bagration was brought to the village of Sima near Yuryev-Polsky after the Battle of Borodino. Here he died and was buried in the family crypt of the Golitsyn princes.

In the arch under the passage that connects the Church of the Sign and the archimandrite building, there is an exhibition of carved platbands. Beautiful wooden frames were brought to the museum from villages located near Yuryev-Polsky. Skillful products of local craftsmen also hang on the walls of the church and fraternal building.

On the second floor of the archimandrite building there is an exhibition introducing visitors to the history of the development of the weaving manufactory in Yuryev-Polsky. Beautiful tiled stoves, spindles, spinning wheels, samples of printed fabrics and sewing machines are on display here. And the interiors are decorated with modern tapestries made by the hands of the masters of the Avangard weaving factory.

One of the museum exhibitions is located in a high tented bell tower. On the ground floor of the building a monastic cell is shown. On the second floor there is an exhibition dedicated to bell ringing, and even higher there is an excellent observation deck. Tourists climb it to admire the monastery and the central streets of Yuryev-Polsky. At the entrance, the bell tower has a small door, the height of which is only 2/3 of the average height of a person. Only small children can pass through it without bending.

If you go up to the second floor of the Gate Church of St. John the Evangelist, you can see an art exhibition. It displays icons of the 16th-19th centuries, paintings by the Itinerant artists and a collection of old porcelain. Most of the porcelain items came to the museum from the Golitsyn family estate. The most interesting exhibits are the original floor vases.

The museum doors are open to visitors on any day except Tuesday. On Mondays it is open from 9.00 to 15.00, and on other days from 9.00 to 17.00. Please note that the ticket office closes an hour earlier.

Ancient temples

Not far from the monastery there is a temple complex, which consists of two churches - Pokrovskaya and Nikitskaya. The first was built in 1769, and the second in 1799. Adjacent to the snow-white, five-domed Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary is a four-tiered bell tower - the tallest building in Yuryev-Polsky. Through it, believers get inside the Church of the Intercession.

The one-domed Nikitsky Church is small in size. It was built in the traditions of classicism and decorated on four sides with triangular pediments and snow-white columns. The walls of the church are painted in contrasting colors, brick and white. The temple complex is surrounded by a beautiful wrought iron fence and looks very harmonious.

At 6 Avangardny Lane, there is a snow-white Church of the Nativity of Christ. It was built in the 18th century on the site of a dilapidated wooden church. The Cold Church is notable for its six domes. In the 1930s, it, like most of the churches in Yuryev-Polsky, was closed, and printing presses and dairy plant equipment were placed in the premises. Then the church was restored, and now it is functioning.

Where to stay

Most travelers come to Yuryev-Polsky for one-day excursions. But those who want to stay here longer can stay at one of the city hotels. All of them are located in the city center and provide approximately the same range of services.

The hotel accommodates not only business travelers (Zavodskaya St., 1A). On weekends many tourists stop here. There is no cafe or dining room in this hotel, but guests can prepare their own food using a microwave oven, kettle, stove and utensils.

On Vladimirskaya Street, 22 there is a small hotel “Pokrovskaya”. Breakfast is included when staying, and suites have separate kitchenettes with a microwave, dishes and a kettle.

On Sovetskaya Square there is the Yuryevskaya Hotel. Its guests receive not only rooms, but also breakfast. Conveniently, right next to the hotel there is a cafe, “Golden Calf”, popular among city guests.

Mini-hotel "Pearl" is probably the most inexpensive in Yuryev-Polsky. It offers travelers four neat rooms. The hotel is located on Shibankova Street, 72, just a 5-minute walk from the city center.

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How to get there

Yuryev-Polsky is located in the north-west of the Vladimir region, 180 km from Moscow. The nearest international airport is in Ivanovo. The journey by car from Moscow to Yuryev-Polsky takes about 3 hours and passes through Kirzhach and Kolchugino along the A-105 highway.

The railway station is located 1.5 km south of the city center. A line runs through it from Aleksandrov to Ivanovo, along which several long-distance trains, as well as two electric trains, run daily. You can get from Moscow to Yuryev-Polsky in 4.15-4.50 hours by trains that go to Kineshma and Ivanovo.

There is a city bus station next to the railway station. Regular buses come here from Vladimir, Alexandrov, Pereslavl-Zalessky and Moscow. From the capital's bus station, which is located near the Shchelkovskaya metro station, 3-4 buses go to Yuryev-Polsky every day. The journey to the city takes 4 hours.

Weather in Yuryev-Polsky, best time to travel

The town is located in the same climatic zone as Moscow, so the weather is largely similar. In summer the weather is a comfortable temperature within 20-25 degrees.

Spring and autumn are quite long. Winter is characterized by warm weather, the air temperature rarely drops below -15 degrees. This is due to the geographical location - there are few forests around the city, mostly fields.

Residents and experienced tourists advise visiting the city in summer or winter. In spring and autumn, streets and buildings are not pleasing with their appearance, and moving along the roads is quite difficult. At this time, prolonged rains are also often observed, which cause some discomfort during excursions.

Religious buildings of Yuryev-Polsky

Yuryev-Polsky, whose attractions include numerous temples from the times of Ancient Rus' before the Tatar invasion, will not leave any person indifferent. Many monasteries have been preserved here in their original form or with minor changes after reconstruction. When visiting holy places, you can feel the purity and sublimity that fills the air and the surrounding area.

St. George's Cathedral

The temple was built in 1230 during the reign of Prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. In the middle of the 15th century, the outer walls were partially destroyed. Architects from Moscow were invited for restoration. During reconstruction, the appearance was greatly changed, which negatively affected the stone carvings.

Now the cathedral attracts tourists with its white stone appearance in excellent condition. The walls have preserved some fragments of carvings on a biblical theme with the faces of saints. There is a Svyatoslav cross installed in the temple, which pilgrims and tourists come to worship.

• The cathedral is located on 1st May Street, no. 4.
• Visiting hours: Mon 9:00-14:30, Wed-Sun 9:00-17:00.
• Admission is paid - from 40 rubles.

Church of Nikita the Martyr

The building is distinguished by its unusual architecture, which attracts with its extraordinary beauty. The temple was created in the 18th century. The style of classicism with white stone columns was chosen for the façade. The building was decorated with a large number of narrow windows, which visually enlarge the space and let in a large amount of sunlight. There is a small dome on the roof.

In 1941, the monastery was closed and a bus station was placed inside. In the 80s, the building was returned to the church, which began restoration work. The first service was held in 1988. Now this is one of the favorite places for tourists and locals. The church is located at the address: Naberezhnaya Street.

Michael the Archangel Monastery

The building has existed since the beginning of the 13th century. During this time, the monastery was destroyed 4 times - during the Mongol invasion, in the Time of Troubles of the 17th century. Before the construction of the monastery, there was a Kremlin here. The monastery consists of a monastery, a bell tower, a refectory, the Cathedral of St. John the Theologian, and the Znamenskaya refectory church.

On the territory of the monastery, the St. George Church, made of wood, has been preserved. In the summer, servants create a beautiful garden of medicinal herbs. Nowadays, many rooms house exhibitions of the Historical and Architectural Museum.

• The temple is located on 1st May Street, no. 4.
• You can visit: Mon from 9:00 to 14:30, Wed-Sun from 9:00 to 17:00.
• To inspect all areas the price is 250 rubles.

Church of the Nativity

In the 18th century, on the site of the destroyed monastery, a new building of the Church of the Nativity of Christ was built from wood. White stone was used for the walls. The façade was decorated with national decorative elements. Under the communists, the temple was closed, and the premises were given over to a dairy factory with a printing house. The bell tower was destroyed and all the furnishings were looted.

At the end of the twentieth century. The church was restored and services resumed. Restorers were able to recreate the former appearance of the building , which attracts guests to the city. Located on the lane. Avangardsky, 6.

St. Vvedensky Nikon Monastery

The exact date of construction of the temple is not known. The first documentary mention of the monastery was found in 1628. This year the building of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was erected.

In the middle of the 17th century, the wooden church was rebuilt into a stone one. 100 years later, the Vvedensky Cathedral with five domes and decorated with rich decorative elements was erected nearby. Fires often occurred on the territory of the monastery, but the premises were constantly restored.

After the revolution, the temple was closed. There were warehouses with workshops on the territory. Now the monastery has been restored. The monastery operates as usual. Located on the lane. Kalanchevsky, 5.

Foundation of the city of Yuryev by Prince Yaroslav the Wise

One of the most reliable and early written evidence about the attitude of Russian princes towards the Baltic peoples is the chronicle story of how Grand Duke Yaroslav in 1030 set out from Novgorod on a campaign against the Estonians and founded the city of Yuryev (named after the Christian name of the prince). “In the summer of 6538. Yaroslav went against the people for seven years, and I won, and established the city of Yuryev” [64]. It is believed that the reason for Yaroslav's campaign could have been the fact that the Estonians took the side of Canute, the king of Denmark and England, whose opponent Olaf the Fat, king of Norway, received help from Yaroslav.

The fortress founded by Yaroslav was located on the highest elevation of the marshy meadow floodplain of the Emajõgi River. Trade routes passed here, connecting the southern Estonian and Latvian regions, as well as the craft centers of Novgorod and Pskov with the harbors of Northern Estonia and the Baltic Sea. During this period, numerous fortified settlements appeared, and in their place over time a number of urban-type settlements were formed: Yuryev, Otepää, Lindanise, Viljandi, etc. Intertribal strife intensified, clashes with neighboring tribes, in particular with the Varangians, became more frequent. The Estonians not only defended themselves from the Varangians, but also undertook campaigns on the island of Gotland and the coastal regions of Sweden and Denmark. Relations between the Estonian and Slavic tribes were approximately of the same nature. At the same time, “trade exchanges also took place between the tribes” [65], as well as with Novgorod and Pskov.

Reports from written sources before the 16th–17th centuries are very scarce. about the emergence and development of Yuryev. Apart from the aforementioned chronicle news and the “Chronicle of Livonia” by Henry of Latvia, which described mainly political events concerning Yuryev (Dorpt) at the beginning of the 13th century, there is nothing else worthy of attention, therefore the archaeological excavations of the 60s are of exceptional interest. our century on the territory of modern Tartu (Yuryev). The oldest period of existence of the settlement dates back, in all likelihood, to the middle of the 1st millennium and lasts until the 7th–8th centuries. In the layer of this period, “fragments of molded ceramics of various types were found, including a small amount of textile and hatched ceramics, characteristic of both Estonian and Slavic antiquities of the first half of the 1st millennium after the Nativity of Christ” [66]. A study of the finds of the layer dating back to the 10th–11th centuries showed that ceramic fragments typical of Novgorod in the early and mid-11th centuries predominate here, while it is not found anywhere in other settlements and burial grounds in Estonia.

This is a very significant sign of the connection between the population of Yuryev and Russian artisans and merchants or settlers; through them, pottery of Russian origin was distributed in the city. Among other finds of the same period, one can note iron arrowheads[67], similar to arrowheads from ancient Russian military burial mounds and largely characteristic of Novgorod[68]. They were not found during excavations in other regions of Estonia, and therefore were not used and were not known there. Items made by Russian artisans also include twisted bronze bracelets, keys and locks of the so-called Kyiv type[69]. Also interesting are several shards of red clay amphorae from the pre-Mongol period, which could only have reached Yuryev through the Russians. Amphoras of this type are not found anywhere in Estonia except Tartu. The mentioned finds allowed the archaeologist V. Trummal to conclude that the monuments of material culture of this period can be associated with the Russian settlement of the 30s. XI century He also believed that “the defensive structures and other buildings of the settlement could most likely have perished as a result of the fire of 1061.” [70]. According to the chronicle, in the spring of 1061, Estonian peasants burned Yuryev and the villages nearby[71] in order to get rid of the power of local princes, and also, apparently, to overthrow the power of the Russian prince. Some scientists, including H. A. Moor, at one time suggested that Yuryev could at that time be something like the patrimony of a Russian prince[72]. Apparently, the Russian officials who lived here also built corresponding houses - “mansions”, which are mentioned in the same chronicle. This chronicle information explains the presence in Yuryev of material culture of ancient Russian origin.

Under Yaroslav and after him, the city developed and grew, and cultural ties with Russia strengthened. This can be judged from the shards of clay vessels of various types found in other parts of the city, similar to the ceramics of Novgorod and Pskov of the 12th–13th centuries. The same ceramics are present at the site in the layer of the next construction period. According to archaeological data, economic and cultural ties with Novgorod and Pskov continued during the 13th–14th centuries. [73]

According to written sources, it is known that trade relations existed between Yuryev (Dorpt) and Novgorod in the 13th–15th centuries. Both cities were associated with the Hanseatic League, founded at the end of the 13th century, and, judging by the documents, Yuryev played an important role in it, because it was always mentioned in second place after Riga[74].

Of particular interest is the question of the situation of the Russian population of the city after the end of Russian rule. The chronicler says that their people “burned the mansions” [75]. According to later information, a Russian suburb was founded on a hill in Yuryev, in Zarechye, on the left bank of the Emajõga. Sources of the 15th–17th centuries. they also talk about the existence of the “Russian end” on the right bank of the river[76]. There is reason to think that both named settlements are closely related to each other, but it is difficult to establish when they arose. Sources of the 15th century characterize the “Russian End” as a legally independent settlement that had its own administration, trading court and church[77].

This is evidenced by the 15th century Yuriev seal found in Pskov, published by V. L. Yanin[78]. He noted that this seal, associated with St. George in its symbolism, confirmed the presence of the Church of St. George in the Russian end of Yuryev. The Kiev Metropolitan Isidore, who in 1439 was on his way from Moscow to the Ferraro-Florentine Council via Yuriev, spoke about this church on the left bank of the river, and therefore in the Russian suburbs[79].

Among the archaeological finds in Zarechye there is a rare coin of the 11th century, with the image of the heavenly patron of Prince Yaroslav - Saint George the Victorious[80], as well as silver jewelry from the beginning of the 12th century. According to M. H. Schmidehelm and E. Yu. Tõnisson, some of these decorations were made in one of the Russian craft centers[81]. The jewelry was found in a peculiar silver vessel, the origin of which A.V. Bank considers to be Byzantine[82]. These finds are indisputable evidence of the existence of trade relations between Yuryev and Ancient Russia. Priest N. Koger, who studied the history of the Church of St. George in Yuryev, pointed out that during the Crusaders’ attack on the city in 1224, this church was destroyed[83].

But there is information about another church in Yuryev, built in the name of St. Nicholas[84]. Bishop Pavel claimed that Prince Yaroslav built two Orthodox churches here, “one in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, and the other - in the name of his angel, the Great Martyr George" [85]. The existence of two churches, according to A. Sapunov[86], is also evidenced by the story about the beginning and foundation of the Pskov-Pechersky Monastery: “At that time there was a certain priest, named John, from the Moscow country, nicknamed Shesnik; This John was priest in the city of Yuryev of Livonia with Isidore the presbyter in the temple of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker and the Great Martyr George, and Grand Duke Yaroslav Vladimirovich of Kiev established it from his estate” [87].

The memory of the founding of churches in Yuryev by Prince Yaroslav was preserved, and the fact of their founding was subsequently repeatedly referred to in various diplomatic documents. Thus, in particular, Tsar John IV wrote to the Danish king Frederick II, who was claiming his rights to Estonia: “Grand Duke George Vladimirovich, called Yaroslav, conquered Livonia, founded the city of Yuryev, built Greek churches there, invested the entire land of Denmark” [88].

Under the son and successor of Tsar John Theodore Ioannovich, Russian boyars put forward the same arguments to the ambassadors of the German Emperor Rudolf II: “Our great sovereign, Grand Duke Yaroslav, placed the city of Yuryev in his name and the temple in Yuryev of his angel in the name of the passion-bearer of Christ George” [89].

During excavations in Tartu in 1982, human bones were discovered on the territory of the Botanical Garden, and subsequently the remains of a wall made of brick and cobblestones. Scientists have suggested that this is an ancient cemetery and the northern part of the foundation of the supposed St. George's Church of the 14th–15th centuries. Apparently, at the end of the 15th century. The church of St. George had already been destroyed, most likely by Hanseatic figures who were taking revenge for the closure of the “Peter’s Court”, important for the Hansa, by the Chamber of Commerce. Back in 1918, local historian and historian of the city of Tartu, Richard Otto, suggested that the Church of St. George was originally located on Lai Street in the area of ​​the so-called Russian Gate, now the territory of the Botanical Garden. His assumption was confirmed by an entry found in one of the minutes of the city hall in 1555 that the Church of St. George was in the possession of a certain Hans von Carpen, “which is in front of the Russian Gate.” This version is also confirmed by the fact that one of the corner towers of the city wall located here was called St. George's back in 1590. The temple in its type resembled the so-called merchant churches, which also had extensive warehouse premises. Unfortunately, there are no specific ideas about such Russian churches. In Riga and Tallinn, new residential areas are now located on the proposed site of similar buildings, and therefore they are closed to archaeological excavations.

Since the 16th century. written monuments already mention only one church in Yuryev (Dorpt) - in the name of St. Nicholas. It was originally located in the courtyard of the modern post office on the corner of 21 June Street. During the Reformation the building was badly damaged. At the end of the 16th century. The church belonged to the Jesuits, and by the 17th century its building fell into complete disrepair and was destroyed.

[64] The Tale of Bygone Years. Part 1. P. 101; also see: 3rd Pskov Chronicle: “In the summer of 6528. Yaroslav Volodymerich went from Novagorod to Chyud, and won, and established the city of Yuriev in his name” (Pskov Chronicles. M., 1955. Issue 2. P. 75).

[65] Trummal V.K.

Russian-Estonian relations from the 9th to the beginning of the 13th century. Tartu, 1955. P. 12. AKD.

[66] Тгummal V.K. Archeoloogilised kaevamised Tartu linnusel // Scientific notes of TSU. Tartu, 1965. T. 161. pp. 37-38. Table 11 a—c.

[67] Ibid. P. 24. Fig. 6 a.

[68] Medvedev A.F.

Weapons of Novgorod the Great // Materials and research on the archeology of the USSR. No. 65. M., 1959. T. 2. P. 121-191.

[69] Trummal V. K. Archeoloogilised kaevamised Tartu linnusel. pp. 37-38. Table 10 a, p.

[70] Trummal V.K.

Archaeological excavations in Tartu and the campaign of Prince Yaroslav in 1030 // Soviet Archeology. 1971. No. 2. P. 268.

[71] First Novgorod Chronicle. M., 1950. P. 183.

[72] Mooga N. A. Eesti-vene suhteist IX—XIII sajandil // Teaduslik session 1947 ENSV. Teaduste Akademia iihiskonnateoduste osak istungid. Tartu, 1948. L. 34-35.

[73] Trummal V.K.

Slavic-Russian elements. Rice. 2, 10-22.

[74] Freymuth O. Tartu linn ordu ajal. Tartu, 1927. L. 18.

[75] First Novgorod Chronicle. P. 183.

[76] Eesti NSV ajalugu. Tallinn, 1937. T. 2. L. 313.

[77] Certificates of Veliky Novgorod and Pskov. M.; L., 1949. No. 78.

[78] Yanin V.L.

Hanging seals of Pskov // Soviet archeology. 1960. No. 3. Fig. 50, 51, 54, 60.

[79] “They have two peasant churches: St. Nicholas and St. Yurey” // Ancient Russian Vivliofika. M., 1788. Part 6. P. 29.

[80] Trummal V. K. Slaavi-vene elemendid Kagu-Eesti materiaalses kultuuris (kuni XIII saj. alguseni) // Scientific notes of TSU. 1960. T. 87. P. 30.

[81] Schmiedehelm M. N. Ein Depotfund ausTartu // Eurasia septementrionalis antiqua. Helsingi, o. JT 4. S. 263-271; Tonisson E. Eesti aardeleiud. 9-13. sajandist // Muistsed kalmed ja aarded. Archeoloogiline kogumik. Tallinn, 1962. T. 2. L. 275-281.

[82] Bank A.V.

Silver vessel from the so-called Tartu treasure // Ibid. 1960. T. 1. P. 275-281.

[83] Koger N. Tartu puha Georgi (Jiiri) kiriku 100 a. juubeliks. Tartu, 1945. L. 3.

[84] Orthodoxy in Latvia. Historical sketch. Riga, 1931. P. 6.

[85] Pavel (Dobrokhotov), ​​bishop.

Some of my previous activities. Pskov, 1872. P. 24.

[86] Sapunov A.

Analysis of the essay by Fr. von Keissler. St. Petersburg, 1898. P. 10. However, Leisman saw in this evidence an indication of a two-altar church (Leisman N., priest. The state of Orthodoxy in the Baltic region // Historian-statistical description of churches and parishes of the Riga diocese. 1893. Issue 1. With 130).

[87] The story of the beginning and foundation of the Pskov-Pechersky first-class monastery, taken from ancient chroniclers found in the book depository of this monastery. 2nd ed. Pskov, 1849. P. 3.

[88] Karamzin N. M.

History of Russian Goverment. T. 8. P. 178.

[89] Monuments of diplomatic relations between Russia and foreign powers, published by the Highest Order. St. Petersburg, 1851. T. 1. P. 1347.

Museums of Yuryev-Polsky

Yuryev-Polsky, whose sights attract many tourists, is a unique collection of wooden architecture buildings. A walk through the museum will be a great pleasure. Interesting artifacts are kept here that preserve the spirit of antiquity and the memory of those times.

Yuryev-Polsky Historical, Architectural and Art Museum

The exhibitions have been located in the premises of the Archangel Michael Church since 1919. Objects from the houses of famous noble families are stored here - the Golitsyns, Saltykovs, Apraksins, etc. There are separate collections of I. Bednyakov, D. Ovsyannikov, etc. The museum has collected more than 16,000 exhibits.

In the premises of the Church of St. John the Evangelist there is an exhibition of works of art. Unique paintings from the 16th-17th centuries and porcelain items are collected here. The exhibits include wooden sculptures made between the 15th and 19th centuries.

The theme of the collected objects is closely related to the biblical one. The exhibits in the Church of St. John the Evangelist are currently closed for restoration work, which has been going on since 2015.

In the Znamenskaya refectory of the monastery there is a separate exhibition dedicated to P.I. Bagration. The exhibition was opened in 1982, the year of the 170th anniversary of the victory over Napoleon. Bagration often visited the city. It was to Yuryev-Polsky that the commander-in-chief was brought after being wounded, where he later died. The exhibits include personal belongings of the commander, portraits, weapons, etc.

The Archimandrite Building houses the exhibition “Peasantry and Agriculture of the Vladimir Opolye”, which introduces the history of the development of agriculture in the region - what the peasants did, how they rested and how they built their life. The second floor is completely devoted to an exhibition telling about the development of weaving skills.

The second floor of the bell tower is dedicated to the monastic cell, where an exact copy of the cell of Archimandrite Pimen was reproduced. On the third floor you can get acquainted with the bell history. The bell tower offers a beautiful view of the city, which is especially popular with children.

• Located on the street. 1st May, no. 4.
• The exhibition is open: Mon 9:00-14:30, Wed-Sun 9:00-17:00.
• The price of one exposure starts from 40 rubles.

Yuryev (city)

Middle Ages

Foundation of the city

At the beginning of the 13th century there were no cities in the Baltic states, but in many places there were trades and fairs were held at certain traditional times. Each trade of any size was protected by a special fortification, and, as a rule, near it (usually at the foot of a fortress or rampart) there was a settlement - a settlement. Almost all early Baltic cities developed on such sites[4]. Permanent human settlement[2] on Domskaya Hill dates back to the 5th century, the fort – to the 6th–8th centuries.

The first mention of a settlement on the site of modern Tartu is a chronicle story (1030), when the Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise set off from Novgorod on a campaign against the Estonians and founded the city of Yuryev (named after the Christian name of the prince)[5]. According to the Tale of Bygone Years: “That same year Yaroslav went to Chud, and defeated them, and established the city of Yuryev”

. Historians suggest that the reason for Yaroslav’s campaign could have been the fact that the Estonians took the side of Knut, the king of Denmark and England, whose opponent Olaf the Fat, king of Norway, received help from Yaroslav[4].

The fortress founded by Yaroslav was located on the highest elevation of the swampy meadow floodplain of the Omovzha River. Here were trade routes connecting the north and south of Livonia, as well as the craft centers of Novgorod and Pskov with the harbors of Estonia and Vironia. During this period, numerous fortified settlements appeared; in their place, over time, a number of urban-type settlements were formed: Odenpe, Revel, Fellin and others. Priest N. Koger, who studied the history of Tartu, argued that Yaroslav built a church in the city in the name of St. George, which was destroyed by the crusaders in 1224, but there is information about the construction of another church in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. The story of the beginning of the founding of the Pskov-Pechersky Monastery, according to A. Sapunov, also speaks of the coexistence of the two churches [4][6][7][8].

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise

According to the chronicle, the city of Yuriev was burned[9] by local tribes (Ssols - representatives of the Estonian tribes of Sakalas or Saaremas)[9] in 1061[10] in order to get rid of the power of local Slavic princes. Apparently, the Slavic inhabitants who lived here also built typical houses for themselves - mansions, which are mentioned in the same chronicle[11]. In the Yuryevsky Zarechye, on the left bank of the Omovzha, a Slavic suburb was founded on a hill, which sources from the 15th century speak of as existing in the city on the right bank of the “Russian End”, which developed as a legally independent settlement that had its own administration, trading court and church[ 4]. 70 years later, on February 9, 1134, the city and its suburbs were captured by the Novgorod prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, and in the winter of 1194 by the Novgorod prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich[9][4].

In 1211 it was once again burned by the Latgalians[9]. In 1215, Yuryev was captured by the German knights of the sword, but in 1223 it was captured from them by the Estonians as a result of a general uprising. For the subsequent defense of the Slavic suburb, a detachment of 200 people led by Prince Vyachko (Vyacheslav Borisovich) was sent from Novgorod to Yuryev. In 1224, after a long siege, Yuryev was taken by the Swordsmen. For stubborn resistance, the Germans executed all captured defenders of the city, Estonians and Slavs; The prince himself died or was executed[12], as evidenced by the first Novgorod chronicle:

That same summer, the Germans killed Prince Vyachka in Gyurgev and took the city[13].

- Novgorod first chronicle of the older and younger editions. Year 6732 (1224)

In the "Chronicles of Henry of Latvia" 1225-1227. the settlement is called Tarbata

,
Tharbata
,
Tharbete
and
Darbete
)[14]. Having renamed the city in German Dorpat, or Dorpat[15][16], the Catholic Bishop Hermann Buxhoeveden made it the center of his principality-bishopric. The city was the center of the bishopric for three centuries[17].

The fall of Yuryev had strategic consequences for the spread of the Slavic principalities in a western direction[18]:

With the fall of Yuryev, our ancient rule in Livonia ceases for a long time.

Capital of the Bishopric of Dorpat

In 1248 he was first mentioned as a participant in the Hanseatic trade. It was a full member of the Hanseatic League from 1276[17] until the mid-16th century; German merchants and artisans flocked here. Dorpat was of great importance in the trade of the Hanseatic League with Novgorod and Pskov. The main population of Dorpat were Baltic Germans. According to written sources, it is known about the coexistence of trade relations between Dorpat and Novgorod in the 13th-15th centuries. Judging by the documents, Dorpat played an important role in the Hansa, because it was mentioned in 2nd place after Riga.

In 1328, the Moscow Chronicle noted a big fire: “That same summer, the entire German city of Yuriev burned down, and the goddesses and stone platas fell, and the fire in the platas was 2000 Germans and 500 and 30, and 4 people in Rus'.”

Under the name "Yuryeva" the city is often mentioned in the Novgorod chronicles and in discharge records from the time of the Livonian War (1558-1583). At the beginning of the Livonian War, the garrison of Dorpat capitulated after the siege, and the city was taken by Russian troops. According to the Yam-Zapolsky Peace of 1582, it went to the Inflyantsky Voivodeship of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1600 it was captured from it by the Swedes, and in 1603 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth recaptured it. In 1625 the city was reoccupied by the Swedes. During the Russian-Swedish War in the summer of 1656, Dorpat was taken by the Russians, but after an unsuccessful two-month siege of Riga, they were forced to abandon both the city and Livonia.

17th century

In 1600-1603, 1625-1656 and 1661-1704 Dorpat belonged to Sweden, in 1603-1625 - to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in 1656-1661 - to Russia.

Dorpat (Tartu) University. Main building (2006) Tartu, Rüütli street in the old town

In 1632, the Gustavian Academy was opened, the second university in the Kingdom of Sweden after Uppsala University (in the 18th century, after the annexation of Livonia to Russia, it ceased to exist).

XVIII - early XX centuries

In the summer of 1704, during the Northern War, Dorpat was taken by the Russian troops of Tsar Peter I[19][20].

For several years after the capture of the city, its inhabitants of Swedish nationality were largely resettled to the interior regions of Russia (for example, to Vologda)[21], but the Germans and Estonians remained in place.

In 1775, a gigantic fire destroyed the historical center of the city.

Since 1783, it has been a district town in the Livonia province and the administrative center of Dorpat district[19].

In 1802, by decree of Alexander I, the Imperial University of Dorpat was opened, which made the city the cultural and scientific center of the region. The charter of the university, approved by the emperor on June 4, 1820[22], states: “Established in the Russian Empire for the common good; especially for the benefit of the Livonia, Estonia and Courland Provinces, and therefore the university accepts as students people of all conditions, Russian natives and foreigners...” Teaching at the university was conducted in German.

The Estonian literary language was founded here (in the 19th century by Friedrich Kreutzwald) and periodical printing; in 1869, the first Song Festival[17][23] was held here, which was organized by a prominent figure in the Estonian national awakening, journalist, poet I. V. Jansen , and in 1870 the Estonian professional theater was born.

During the period of “de-marking” the Baltic region, carried out during the reign of Emperor Alexander III[19], in 1893 the name Yuryev

, which remained until 1919.

XX century

After the February Revolution of 1917, the Estonian Progressive People's Party, led by J. Tõnisson, sought to create a separate province from northern Livonia with its center in Yuryev[24]. On March 30, 1917, the Provisional Government of Russia approved the regulation “On the temporary structure of administrative management and local self-government of the Estonian province.” In accordance with it, the borders of the Livonia province were revised, Yuryevsky district, which was part of it, together with four other northern counties of Livonia with an Estonian rural population, were transferred to the Estonian province.

During the February Revolution on March 4 (17), 1917, the Council of Workers' Deputies was created in Yuryev, in which by September the majority belonged to the Bolsheviks. Soviet power was established peacefully on October 25 (November 7), 1917. Four months later, on February 24, 1918, the city was occupied by German troops. On December 22, 1918, the Red Army liberated it from the Germans and restored the power of the Council, which lasted 23 days until January 14, 1919[25]. On this day, Estonian national troops formed in Reval drove the Red Army out of Yuryev. In a short period of time, approximately 360 Russians were executed[26].

In the Republic of Estonia the city was renamed Tartu

. On February 2, 1920, the Tartu Peace Treaty, which contained territorial concessions in favor of Estonia, was signed between the government of the Republic of Estonia and the government of the RSFSR, in which the parties recognized each other’s sovereignty[25].

In the years 1920–1940, Tartu was primarily the center of the academic and cultural life of the new Estonia.

In 1940, according to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Soviet troops were brought into Estonia and the ESSR was formed, whose leadership decided to join the USSR on August 6, 1940. Tartu State (formerly Imperial) University became a Soviet university with education in Estonian and Russian.

On the night of July 8-9, 1941, in the Tartu prison of the city, the NKVD shot 192 people detained since the outbreak of hostilities on June 22 of the same year. The very next day, July 10, 1941, the paramilitary society Forest Brothers began an uprising against the leadership of the ESSR in southern Estonia and the Tartu region[27]. On July 26, 1941, the city was occupied by German troops. The German-appointed rector of the University of Tartu, Professor Edgar Kant, ordered the dismissal of everyone who was hired after June 21, 1940, the throwing out of all communist literature from libraries and the removal of communist terminology from all official titles.

On August 25, 1944, during the Tartu operation of the troops of the 3rd Baltic Front, the city was occupied by the Red Army. During the war, Tartu suffered greatly from bombing: the Stone Bridge ( Kivisild

) across the Emajõgi River, the Vanemuine Theater building, the Estonian Folk Museum, the Church of St. John and St. Mary.

By 1950, the city's population had increased to 55 thousand people[17].

Monuments in Yuryev-Polsky

The small town contains many historical monuments, which provide an opportunity to feel the spirit of that time and plunge into the atmosphere of antiquity. Residents treat the buildings with special respect, passing this on to their children and tourists. The streets are filled with silence and splendor, which fascinate with the spirit of antiquity.

Monument to Yuri Dolgoruky

The monument has been erected in the central part of the city since 2002. The work was carried out by sculptor I. Chernoglazov. The prince stands on a pedestal with his right hand on his shield and holds his cloak with his left. The gaze is directed into the distance, as if making a difficult decision.

Two lions were installed next to the monument to protect the prince. In summer, the area nearby is decorated with beautiful flowers in flowerpots. Some tourists themselves come to the monument with flowers, paying tribute to the founder of the city. Address of the monument: st. Vladimirskaya, 12.

Don't miss the most popular article in the section: Metro Nizhny Novgorod. Diagram, map, description.

Earthen ramparts of the ancient city of Mstislavl

Gorodishche is a settlement 20 km from Yuryev-Polsky, founded in the 11th century. There are two versions of the founding of the city: according to the first, it is believed that the founder was Vladimir Monomakh, according to the second, Monomakh’s son Mstislav. The settlement began to be destroyed by the Tatar-Mongols and was completed in the 20th century.

Now here you can only see earth shafts 5 meters high, visually forming a ring . The path to them is blocked by artificial ditches of 3-5 m. Archaeologists found many household items, remains of dishes and walls during excavations. Residents are protecting the ancient structure from further destruction. The ramparts still preserve the former grandeur of Mstislavl.

To inspect, you need to drive to the village. Gorodishche, Yuryev-Polsky district, Vladimir region.

Ancient barn building

The building was created in the 19th century. The building has one floor; bricks of different red shades were used during construction. The walls are decorated with decorative elements. The roof is gable. The barn is located in the central part of Yuryev-Polsky, surrounded by residential buildings. The building was included in the list of protected monuments.

Located on the lane. Avangardsky, 3.

Shopping arcades

They have been located on Sovetskaya Square since 1877. Before that, there was Gostiny Dvor here, built under Catherine II. The rows look like a straight gallery, where small shops are now located. Souvenirs, flowers and other necessary goods are presented here. This square was previously called Torgovaya, but after the revolution it was renamed.

Address of shopping arcades: Sovetskaya Square, Yuryev-Polsky.

Peter and Paul Monastery

The date of construction of the structure is a subject of dispute among scientists who cannot decide. One part considers the 16th century, the other – the 17th century. During its entire existence, they tried to close the monastery several times, but the church managed to defend it.

Many historical buildings in Yuryev-Polsky are in disrepair

In the 19th century, the wooden cathedral was rebuilt using stone. Eight years later, the Assumption Church and bell tower were erected nearby. Under the communists, the monastery was closed. Now all that remains of the temple is the bell tower. In 2010, the Russian Orthodox Church decided to restore the monastery and transfer it to a convent. The building is located at the address: 1st May Street, 74.

WHOSE CITY IS YURYEV?

In the chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years” it is written that around 1030 of our time, Grand Duke Yaroslav Vladimirovich defeated the Chud and built the city of Yuryev. This is the date of the first mention of Tartu in written sources. I would like to draw attention to the fact that, as follows from the text of the chronicle itself, 1030 does not correspond to the correct dating of Yaroslav’s campaign against Tartu (Kuzmin, 1977, p. 73; Vahtre, 1980, pp. 516-517). But when did this campaign take place? The chronicles say that Yaroslav began a campaign against Tartu from Novgorod (Pskov Chronicle), and after this campaign, he returned (Sofia First Chronicle). When we look at the map, we will see that Yaroslav could make a campaign to Tartu only when he already ruled in the Pskov land. Prince Yaroslav began to rule over all ancient Russian lands only when he removed the Pskov prince Sudislav Vladimirovich, who was his brother, from the road. But this event, according to the Tale of Bygone Years, happened in 1034-1036. The chronicle does not mention whether Yaroslav’s campaign in Pskov is connected with this event, but it would probably be naive to believe that Sudislav voluntarily renounced power. We must agree with Sergei Vasilyevich Beletsky, who argued that the events in the 1030s in Pskov and Tartu are completely identical in the archaeological sense (Beletsky, 1996, p. 85). Or we can even assume that the conquest of Pskov by Novgorod and the founding of the city of Yuryev in Tartu occurred within the framework of one campaign of Yaroslav.

Traces of Yuriev in the cultural layer of the city of Tartu

Archaeological excavations in the old town of Tartu began in 1956 under the direction of Vilma Trummal (Trummal, 1964). To date, excavations have already been carried out on an area of ​​more than 19,000 square meters in the center of Tartu. m. Thanks to many years of excavations in Tartu, general ideas have emerged about its cultural layer and the ancient history of the city (Tvauri, 2001). The historical core of the city of Tartu is the fortification (Fig. 1). Archaeological excavations have made it possible to clarify that the ancient settlement covers an area of ​​about 7000-7500 square meters. m. The site of the settlement rises a maximum of 24 m above the level of the surrounding water meadow of the river. Omovzha. In the 13th century. On the site of the ancient settlement, a stone castle of the Bishop of Tartu was built. Therefore, there are few traces of the ancient settlement left in the cultural layer. But we can say that the first fortification was built in this place in the 8th or 9th century. Most finds from this period date back to the 10th century. Immediately outside the fort, between the fort and the Omovzha River, there was a settlement. Finds from this complex (molded ceramics, jewelry, fragments of crucibles, foundry molds and other tools) are typical of the so-called Rõuge culture. At the site, in the layer of the so-called Rõuge culture, there was a layer containing a lot of pottery of the Novgorod and Pskov types (Fig. 2). In addition, a slate whorl was also found there. Slate spindle whorls are typical finds for ancient Russian cities; in Estonia such spindle whorls are very rare finds. Particularly important finds are two arrowheads of the Scandinavian type (Fig. 2), which can presumably be attributed to the warriors of Yaroslav the Wise. These are unique finds in the context of Estonian archaeological material. Near the settlement, on a fairly spacious area (Fig. 1), there is a layer containing ceramics of the Novgorod and Pskov types. The thickness of this layer is 10-20 cm, in some places it reaches 70 cm. Unfortunately, there are almost no remains of houses left in this layer. But from this layer come objects typical of ancient Russian cities. For example, four slate spindle whorls and a stone cross made from Ov-Ruch slate. Two fragments of Easter eggs and a fragment of a bronze hatchet amulet were also found. In Estonia, such finds, typical of ancient Russian monuments of the 11th century, are known only in Tartu. Thus, there are archaeological traces in Tartu that prove that in the territory of the center of Tartu there was a fortified settlement called Yuryev and a settlement next to it. The ceramics from this complex mostly correspond to Pskov ceramics of the 11th century. It can be assumed that in Yuryev the population mainly came from Pskov, and Yuryev, located on the current site of the city of Tartu, had direct contacts with Pskov.

Events of the 1060s

But you also need to pay attention to historical events that are rarely mentioned in Russian historical literature, although the founding of Yuryev in 1030 is often talked about. Yaroslav Vladimirovich died in 1054. Before his death, he divided Rus' between his three eldest sons. Kyiv and Novgorod were received by Izyaslav, who appointed Ostromir as mayor in Novgorod. Chronicles claim that around 1054 Ostromir went on a campaign against Chud, but was killed, and many Novgorodians also died in the battle. In revenge, Izyaslav himself led a campaign against the Chud and took Osek Kedipiv (First Sofia Chronicle). 50 km south of Tallinn is the village of Keava, which is mentioned in medieval sources as Kedempe (Johansen, 1951, p. 70). Archaeological research in Keava, begun in 2000, by the Department of Archeology of the University of Tartu showed that in addition to two ancient fortifications, there was a settlement there on approximately 9 hectares from the 8th-11th centuries. Thus, it was one of the largest centers of the 11th century. on the territory of Estonia. In the middle of the 11th century. this settlement was destroyed or abandoned, and a new settlement was built in a different place (Konsa, Lang, Lainemurd, Vaab, 2002). It can be assumed that this is connected with Izyaslav’s campaign. Chronicles date Ostromir's death to 1054. But this has long been proven wrong. In 1056-1057 Ostromir wrote the famous gospel. This means that he was still alive then (Karamzin, 1816, pp. 376-377, ref. 114). Thus, the year of Izyaslav’s campaign in the chronicles to Osek Kedipiv is unlikely. Apparently, this was around 1060 (Nasonov, 1951, p. 81). Associated with this year is the mention of the event that Izyaslav made a campaign against the Sosols and forced them to pay a tribute of 2000 hryvnia. The Sosols did not pay tribute, but in the spring of 1061 they destroyed the city and settlement of Yuryev and made a campaign to Pskov (Sofia First Chronicle). Keava was in the 11th century. one of the largest centers in northeastern Estonia. In all likelihood, the Sosols were residents of this region. Chronicles claim that Izyaslav had interests in northeastern Estonia. But the inhabitants of this region did not want to pay tribute to Izyaslav and destroyed Yuryev, Izyaslav’s stronghold in the Peipsi lands.

From Yuryev to Tartu

Archaeological material from Tartu shows that after 1061 Yuryev was not rebuilt. There are no finds at the site or settlement that can be dated to the end of the 11th or 12th centuries. On the Old Russian layer of Yuryev Posad lie the layers of a German medieval city, which was founded here after 1223. In all likelihood, in the 11th century. There was some kind of fortified Estonian point located on the Tartu settlement. This can be determined by the fact that the Novgorodians made a series of campaigns against Tartu in 1134 and 1191/1192. But there are no archaeological traces of the settlement of Tartu in this period. In the 12th century. Otepää was the political and populated center of the south-eastern part of Estonia. This can be asserted based on archaeological finds from the Otepää settlement, as well as on a written source - Henry’s chronicle, written in 1225-1227. Henry wrote that the Tartu fortress was abandoned until the early 1220s, when the Germans built their fortress there. Tartu was not a political center in the 12th century. and at the beginning of the 13th century, but still it was a very important strategic point. A road connecting north-eastern and south-eastern Estonia passed through Tartu. Tartu had good natural conditions for crossing the Omovzhuy River. This river connected Tartu with Pskov, and on the other side also with central Estonia. This location of the area in Tartu explains why the Novgorodians, and then the Germans, wanted to rule here.

MY PROJECTS:

Rus' EPICAL

MILITARY VALOR OF THE RUSSIANS

GRAPHOMANIC ARCHIVE

Source: https://russbalt.rod1.org

Architectural structures in Yuryev-Polsky

Yuryev-Polsky is a city whose sights are represented by architectural monuments preserved from the times of Ancient Rus'. A walk through such places will bring special pleasure.

Here you can plunge into the atmosphere of antiquity and mentally find yourself back in that time. The rhythm of modern life leaves no time for spirituality, so visiting such cities allows you to forget about the bustle and think about the eternal.

Golitsyn Estate

The estate is located in the village of Sima, which belonged to the M. Golitsyn family since the reign of Peter I. The building has existed for more than 200 years and has become quite dilapidated during this time. The master's house and 2 outbuildings on the sides have been preserved. The house is surrounded by a beautiful park with a small pond.

It was here that P.I. was brought. Bagration after being wounded in the battle of Borodino, where he died. Now in the main house there is a museum dedicated to P.I. Bagration. The exhibits include the commander’s personal belongings and copies of some documents. Other rooms housed a library and a folk art center.

The estate is located in the village of Sima, Yuryev-Polsky district, Vladimir region. Opening hours: Wed-Sat 10:00-17:00, Sun 10:00-15:00.

Fire station

The building was built at the end of the 19th century on the territory of burnt shopping arcades. The building was created in a pseudo-Gothic architectural style made of red brick. It was later repainted gray and white, but the gates are bright red. There are small decorative elements on the façade. During the years of communist rule, some premises were given over to the theater.

Now the building is used for its intended purpose, but requires major renovation. Despite the years, the building has retained its unique beauty and sophistication. The depot is located at: st. Vladimirskaya, 12.

Almshouse of the Meshcherins

The almshouse was built in 1904 and is located in the central part of the city. A neo-Russian architectural style of 2 floors was chosen for construction. The facade is decorated with pilasters, zakomaras and risalits.

The institution was intended for people of the disabled population from the bourgeois and merchant classes. There was an almshouse funded by donations from wealthy people. The name of the building was given in honor of E.I. and G.I. Meshcherins, who donated a large sum of money for the construction. Nowadays, the central regional hospital is located here. The building is located at the address: st. 1st May, no. 16.

Apraksin Estate

The estate is located near the city - in the village. Ratislovo. The building was built at the beginning of the 18th century. The main estate was designed in a classic style and consisted of 2 floors. On both sides there were wings with galleries in an L-shape. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Church of the Icon of the Kazan Mother of God was built on the territory of the estate.

In the 60s of the twentieth century, a new temple was erected on the site of the church. Unfortunately, the outbuildings have not survived to this day. The decor on the façade of the main house has completely collapsed over time, so there is no way to see them. Now one of the premises belongs to a rural school, but due to frequent restoration work, the original appearance of the building has been lost. The buildings are surrounded by a beautiful park with 8 ponds.

Estate address: s. Ratislovo, Yuryev-Polsky district, Vladimir region.

Brief history of the city of Tartu

The second largest Estonian city, Tartu, bears the unofficial title of the student capital of Estonia. However, it could also be called the cultural center of the republic, since it was here that important traditions for the Estonian nation were born. Tartu is located on the Emajõgi River and its history goes back almost a thousand years.

In ancient times, Tartu was known as a settlement called Tarbatu. As historical chronicles say, the Estonians settled here in the 5th century. The city itself on the Emajõgi River was founded in 1030 and over its long history managed to change several names.

Initially the city was called Yuryev. This name was given to Tartu by the great Russian prince Yaroslav the Wise, whose squad in the 11th century conquered part of the Estonian lands, annexing them to Rus'. After the collapse of Kievan Rus, the city belonged to the Novgorod Republic, the Livonian Order, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Swedish Empire. Between 1224 and 1893, present-day Tartu was called Dorpat. In 1704, it was taken by Russian troops during the Northern War and until the overthrow of the monarchy and the collapse of the empire, it was part of Russia. In 1893, Dorpat was again renamed Yuryev, and the name Tartu was given to it only in 1918, after the establishment of the first Estonian Republic.

In 1632, the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf ordered the founding of a university in the city, which today is the largest in Estonia. The educational institution was called the Gustavian Academy and was considered the second most important in the Kingdom of Sweden after Uppsala. In the course of further historical events, the educational institution temporarily ceased its activities and resumed in 1802 under the name Dorpat University, which later became Tartu University. The life of the city is still connected with the university.

Tartu also played an important role in the establishment of Estonian statehood. In particular, here on February 2, 1920, the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed between Soviet Russia and the Republic of Estonia, according to which the parties recognized each other’s sovereignty. Before Estonia joined the USSR in 1940, Tartu was the center of the academic and cultural life of the republic. It is worth noting that this spirit has survived to this day.

Over its long history, Tartu has experienced two large-scale disasters. In particular, in 1775 there was a fire in the city, which almost completely destroyed its historical part. However, the settlement was restored quite quickly. Tartu was also heavily damaged during the bombing of World War II: many churches were destroyed, the historical Stone Bridge, the building of the Vanemuine Theater, as well as many residential buildings were destroyed.

Today Tartu is the cultural center of the Republic of Estonia. From time to time, there is talk in society about the need to move state and government institutions here, but no transition has yet been made from words to deeds. Tartu has a fairly large number of museums for such a small city, a lot of monuments and beautiful parks. But still, most of the attractions are somehow connected with the university.

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Natural attractions of Yuryev-Polsky

The city is located in the famous Opole, Vladimir region, so there are few forests here. The settlement mainly contains artificial parks. Despite the open area, it is pleasant to walk along the streets here. The weather is characterized by mild, comfortable temperatures; there is no need to hide from the hot sun.

Honeymooners Park

The park was created in 2010 in honor of Saints Peter and Fevronia, symbolizing the example of an ideal family. Now this is one of the most popular places for romantic meetings of young couples. 2 large metal rings connected to each other were installed in the park. The rings bear the inscription “Advice and Love,” which is considered a good wish for a new union.

For a happy family life, newlyweds are recommended to pass through these rings holding hands. Rowan trees with flower beds are planted along the alleys. Walking through the park you can find the “Kissing Bridge”, where couples often take vows of love to each other.

At the "Glade of Brides" flower beds are planted in the shape of a heart. On the wedding day, people always come here for spectacular photographs and necessary rituals. Park address: st. May 1st.

Sandy beach of the Nerl River

Unfortunately, you won’t be able to swim within the city in the summer. The Koloksha River has become quite dirty in recent years, so swimming in its waters is prohibited. Residents are advised to travel outside the city to the Nerl River. The water in the river is clean and warm, where you can relax and refresh yourself after a walk around the city.

To get to the beach you need to go towards Mstislavl. Before reaching the settlement 10 km, there will be a fork. Here you need to turn left, where the village of Petryaikha will be. The beach is on the opposite bank, accessible by bridge. The river is shallow, so children can splash freely. Fishing enthusiasts can enjoy their favorite pastime from the bridge.

Park on the territory of the Apraksin estate

The estate is located in the village of Ratislovo. The park has existed since the 18th century. The owners constantly updated the park with unique trees. The alleys are made using a classic style.

There are 8 artificial ponds on the territory, which are interconnected. The park has survived to this day. Residents respect and improve the appearance of bushes and paths along which you can walk at any time of the year.

Modern objects in Yuryev-Polsky, interesting to visit

Yuryev-Polsky, whose attractions are represented mainly by ancient buildings, still has a number of places of modern significance. There are shopping centers presenting several types of household goods, jewelry departments, etc. Not all centers are equipped with entertainment rooms for children, which spoils the impression a little.

Entertainment club Aramit

The city has several nightclubs where you can listen to good music and have a glass of wine or beer. Club Aramit is open every day. There are billiard tables where local regulars organize tournaments. The music program will satisfy every taste - from retro to dance. Show programs are regularly held, and there is a separate striptease dance hall.

The club is located at: st. Shkolnaya, 19. The establishment operates according to the schedule: Mon-Thu 18:00-3:00, Fri-Sat 18:00-6:00; Sun 18:00-3:00.

Night club SKY

An entertainment club was opened on the site of the former Mechta restaurant. Show programs are regularly organized here with guest DJs from Moscow, Vladimir and local ones. Thematic evenings dedicated to memorable dates are organized. There is a restaurant where you can have a quiet dinner and relax with friends.

The club is located at the address: st. 1st May, no. 72.

Bagration shopping center

The store's area is small, but there are enough shops with a different assortment - construction, jewelry, grocery, atelier, etc. On the ground floor (basement) there is a cafe of the same name, where you can take a break, drink coffee, have a snack or just chat with friends. The cafe serves excellent food that will not leave anyone indifferent.

Store address: st. Krasnooktyabrskaya, 30.

Interesting places to relax with children

The city is perfect for a family weekend getaway. A walk along the picturesque streets with ancient buildings will enrich children's historical knowledge and bring special pleasure. The parks have rides where children can have fun. Adults can relax on the benches.

Stud farm Yuryev-Polsky

A unique breed of Vladimir heavy trucks, which are famous throughout the world, is bred on the territory of the stud farm. The breed has a kind and obedient disposition. Riding on such a horse will bring pleasure to both children and adults. It’s not every day that people are allowed to go horseback riding, but maybe you’ll get lucky.

The horse holds its rider calmly and confidently, does not break into a trot, but rather moves with a sedate and measured gait. A photo with a heavy truck in the background and the trip will be remembered for a long time. The plant is located at the address: Kosinskoye, Yuryev-Polsky district, Vladimir region.

Virtual reality park VR Play

The park consists of 3 playrooms dedicated to different themes. Here you can play in pairs or as a whole team of several people. Role-playing quests are regularly organized, in which adults often participate with pleasure. The organizers offer to celebrate the birthday in an original way. Therefore, children will be delighted with visiting this establishment.

The park is located at the address: st. Bolshaya Moskovskaya, 14. Prices start from 500 rubles. for one child.

Entertainment center Ratibor

This center teaches children shooting from different types of weapons. They talk about weapons - what types there are, how to care for them, lessons on shooting ranges. Here, for a fee, you can practice precision shooting at a target with an instructor for several hours. Boys will definitely enjoy this kind of entertainment, and girls will not remain indifferent.

The center is located at: st. Dvoryanskaya, 27A, bldg. 17.

Excursions around Yuryev-Polsky

The area of ​​the town is small, so you can explore it in 1-2 days of a leisurely walk along the quiet and cozy streets. If you are planning a long trip - for 3-4 days, then you can arrange an interesting excursion with a professional guide to the nearest surroundings and attractions.

City of Yuryev-Polskoy

• Historical reference
• Reign of Svyatoslav
• Brief history of the city of Yuryev-Polsky
• Michael the Archangel Monastery
• conclusions
• Comments

In 1212, Yuryev became the center of a small appanage principality, ruled by the son of Vsevolod III Svyatoslav (1196–1252), who during his life also ruled in Novgorod, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Suzdal, and Vladimir. Svyatoslav, the ancestor of the Yuriev princes, was born in Vladimir on March 27, 1196. He was the penultimate son of the most powerful ruler of Rus' at that time, Grand Duke Vladimir Vsevolod “The Big Nest”, who strengthened and strengthened North-Eastern Rus', decorating it with many holy temples and monasteries. In holy baptism, the baby Svyatoslav was named Gabriel - in honor of one of the supreme heavenly archangels - Archangel Gabriel. His mother, the blessed Princess Maria, monastically Martha, was the daughter of Schwarn, Prince of Bohemia, and raised her son in piety, teaching him to live a virtuous life, in which she herself excelled. Before her death, she blessed her sons to live in love for God and people, to be sober, friendly and especially respect the elders. The nephew of the holy prince Svyatoslav was the holy noble prince Alexander Nevsky, who devoted his whole life to defending the Fatherland from foreigners and preserving the Orthodox faith. The wife of Prince Svyatoslav was Princess Evdokia of Murom, the daughter of Prince Peter of Murom and Princess Fevronia, the holy Wonderworkers of Murom. Svyatoslav and Evdokia had two children: a son, Dmitry, who was revered as a saint according to the ancient calendar, and a daughter, Boleslav. At the request of the pious wife, Prince Svyatoslav released her in 1128 to the Murom Boris and Gleb Monastery, where she was tonsured a monk. The princess lived in the monastery until her death and was buried there. Her honest remains are there to this day.

As a four-year-old child, Prince Svyatoslav was appointed to reign in Novgorod, then was replaced by his older brother Konstantin in 1206 and again returned to Novgorod in 1208. In 1212, after the death of his father, Svyatoslav received the city of Yuryev-Polsky as an inheritance.

In 1220, Svyatoslav, at the head of the Vladimir army, was sent by his elder brother Yuri against the Volga Bulgarians. The expedition ended with the victory of Russian troops at Ochelle. In 1222, Svyatoslav, at the head of the Vladimir army, was sent by Yuri to help the Novgorodians and their prince Vsevolod, Yuri's son. A 12,000-strong Russian army, in alliance with the Lithuanians, invaded the territory of the order and ravaged the outskirts of Wenden. In 1226, Svyatoslav, together with his younger brother Ivan, at the head of the Vladimir army, was sent by Yuri against the Mordovians and won. In 1229, Svyatoslav was sent by Yuri to Pereyaslavl-Yuzhny. In 1234, in Yuryev-Polsky, on the site of the ancient cathedral of 1152, founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, Prince Svyatoslav recreated the new St. George Cathedral. The first cathedral stood for less than a hundred years, and, judging by the chronicles, it was destroyed during an earthquake: “On May of the third day the earth shook and the churches were torn apart.” That same year, the prince ordered to dismantle the rubble and begin construction of a new cathedral. The cathedral turned out to be of extraordinary beauty, the construction process was supervised by the prince himself, as it is written in the chronicle: “I marvelously, I decorated the saints’ faces and holidays with carved stone from the base to the top, and he himself was a master.” In 1238, Prince Svyatoslav took part in the Battle of the City. From his brother Yaroslav, who took the Vladimir throne, he received the Suzdal principality as an inheritance.

In 1246, Yaroslav died, and Svyatoslav took the grand-ducal throne according to the old right of inheritance. He distributed the principality to his nephews, the seven sons of Yaroslav, but the Yaroslavichs were dissatisfied with this distribution. In 1248 he was expelled by his nephew Mikhail Yaroslavich, who soon died in a battle with the Lithuanians on the Protva River. Then Svyatoslav himself defeated the Lithuanians at Zubtsov. The reign of Vladimir, by the will of Yaroslav and by the will of Khan Guyuk, went to Andrei Yaroslavich. After a short great reign in Vladimir, Prince Svyatoslav returned to Yuryev-Polsky. Here he founded a male princely monastery in honor of Archangel Michael. The holy noble prince Svyatoslav died in the city of Yuryev-Polsky on February 3, 1253, and was buried in St. George's Cathedral.

The Mongol invasion greatly devastated the city. It was destroyed three times in 1238, 1382 and 1408. Later, the city became the patrimony of the great Moscow princes, and by their will it was transferred to some vassal princes and khans “for feeding.” It is known that in the 15th century it was the patrimony of the Lithuanian prince Svidrigailo, in the 16th century - the Kazan Khan Abdul-Letif, and after him - the Astrakhan prince Kaibula. During the Time of Troubles in 1609, the city was taken by Polish-Lithuanian troops, and False Dmitry II also intended to give it “to feed” to the Kasimov prince Magomed Murat; the Yuryevites, led by Fyodor the Red, rebelled. After the Polish-Lithuanian devastation, Yuryev-Polskoy began to live the life of a quiet provincial town. Since 1708, it became part of the Moscow province. The status of a city was officially assigned to it during the reign of Empress Catherine II - in 1778; then it became the center of the Vladimir governorate district.

Michael the Archangel Monastery is the city-forming center of the ancient city, around which, inside an earthen rampart, the old settlement was built. In fact, the monastery became a Kremlin for the city inside an earthen rampart, serving as the main defensive line. Michael the Archangel Monastery was founded by Prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich in the 13th century. It is known that in 1238, Batu’s troops, during the capture of Yuryev-Polsky, destroyed the monastery, and for almost two centuries it stood in desolation. The Lithuanians also destroyed the monastery; then the entire archive was lost, and the abbot of the monastery had to submit a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich so that the Tsar would confirm the privileges granted to the monastery by the previous sovereigns. The monastery had many gifts from Prince D.M. Pozharsky, who had a patrimony not far from Yuryev - the village of Luchinskoye. The cathedral church in the name of Archangel Michael was destroyed in 1408 during the next capture of the city, this time by Edigei, and was soon rebuilt.

In 1535 it was written in the chronicle: “The wooden church of the Archangel Michael with the chapel of the Prophet Elijah, rebuilt at the expense of Grand Duke Vasily Ioannovich.” In 1560, the first stone church was built; Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Kubensky donated funds for its construction. In 1636, the temple was surrounded on three sides by porches, and at the end of the 18th century, the dilapidated building was dismantled. The construction of the new cathedral was carried out at the expense of city residents; work began in 1792 and ended in 1806. The interior decoration of the temple continued for about two more years, and in 1808, Bishop Xenophon (Troepolsky), who arrived specially from Vladimir, consecrated the new cathedral at the St. Michael the Archangel Monastery in Yuryev-Polsky. The cathedral kept the image of the Archangel Michael, which in 1812 the abbot of the monastery Nikon gave with him to the 5th regiment of the Vladimir militia. The icon went through the entire war and returned to the monastery in 1814.

Many abbots of the monastery were buried in the Archangel Michael Cathedral, including the tomb of the son of the monastery founder, schemamonk Prince Dmitry Svyatoslavich, who died in 1269. Two ancient monastery icons, considered miraculous, have been preserved in the temple to this day. The refectory Church of the Icon of the Mother of God “The Sign” was built in the St. Michael the Archangel Monastery in 1625. This is a simple low temple with a spacious refectory. It is connected from the west with the cellar, or sacristy chamber and cellars. This large complex is connected by a passage with the stone archimandrite and fraternal buildings, which were built in 1763. The Gate Church of St. John the Evangelist was built in 1670. The Holy Gate, on which the church itself stands, was built a little earlier, in 1654. A separate bell tower standing next to the cathedral was built in 1685–1688. In the 16th century, the monastery’s fence was rebuilt in stone, and in subsequent centuries it was only renewed. The walls and towers of the fence were rebuilt in the 17th–18th centuries. The oldest wall of the monastery, the western one, dating back to 1535, has been preserved.

In the historical information on the history of one of the oldest cities in Rus', Yuryev-Polsky, it is clear that the city was founded in 1152 by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. When carefully studying the history of Ancient Rus', one pattern always catches the eye - almost all Russian cities were founded in the 12th–13th centuries AD! However, this is not the time of their founding, but the first chronicle mentions . The reason for such records had a purely practical side - taking into account cities and villages when dividing princely inheritances or accepting inheritance after the death of one of the princes’ relatives.

To clarify the issue of dating the founding of most ancient Russian cities, it is enough to give two examples. During construction work in different places in Moscow, archaeological finds from the 7th century BC are being discovered everywhere. During restoration work carried out on the territory of the Moscow Danilov Monastery in 1982–1988, which was located in the far outskirts of ancient Moscow, a settlement of this ancient era was discovered. Another example. Currently, intensive restoration is underway at the New Jerusalem Monastery, which is located in Istra, near Moscow. When preparing a pit for the construction of the foundation of the monastery's bell tower (during World War II, the bell tower was blown up by the Germans), an ancient settlement dating back to the 7th century BC was uncovered. Household items and weapons that belonged to the ancestors of the Slavs - the Scythians - were discovered. Similar objects were discovered during excavations in the city of Moscow and other ancient cities of Rus'. All items belong to a single Proto-Slavic culture. This is also confirmed by the discovered geoglyphs and dendroglyphs on the territory of the Kremlin (monastery) and the adjacent lands around Yuryev-Polsky.

Fig.1a. Mask of Yar Rod

Rice. 1b. Mask of Yar Rod - reading the inscriptions

On the southern side of the city there is a field on which there is a rare half-length image of Rod the Adorant, which in its artistic design is very similar to the traditional canonical icon painting type of letter in the “medallion”. This type is very often used in paintings in Orthodox churches. Rod's face is turned towards his left shoulder, his hands are raised in prayer to Heaven, and the cult precious hryvnia is visible on his neck. On the chest there is an inscription: YAR, and on the sleeves there is a signature: ROD. In the upper field above the medallion the inscription is repeated twice: MASK. Below on the right it is written in large letters: “RS” - Rus' - “RS”. On the left is the inscription: TEMPLE OF YAR RODA and immediately visible is the MIM-PRIEST dressed in a toga, wearing a crown on his head, and his face is covered with a ritual mask. To the right of the overall composition, on the ledge of the bank, a large inscription is visible: YAR ROD.

Rice. 2a. Rod Rus

Fig.2b. Rod Rus - reading inscriptions

Photos No. 2 a and 2 b show the same field only from west to east. Here, to the left of the center of the field, you can see the ROD standing on the podium and around it the dedicatory inscriptions: AS, YAR, ROD. Also visible is the inscription found here for the first time, dedicated to the goddess MAKASHI. There are many inscriptions dedicated to the people glorifying their gods: ROD AREA, OUR KIND Rus', “RS” - Rus'.

Rice. 3a. Yuriev-Polsky head of the Leo family

Rice. 3b. Yuriev-Polsky head of the Leo family - reading the inscriptions

Photos No. 3a and 3b show the old town. On the right you can see the Archangel Michael Monastery and the dedicatory inscriptions preserved on its land: PEACE OF THE ROD. On the left is the cathedral square, on the eastern side there is a very well-preserved zoomorphic face of the god ROD in the form of a LION, under the image there is a corresponding caption: YAR ROD FACE, next to it is Rus'. Behind the altar of the cathedral church there is a large inscription: ARIES. Many inscriptions on YARU and ROD indicate that the city of Yuryev-Polskaya was, from ancient times, a sanctuary of the two main Vedic gods - ROD AND YAR. The ancient sanctuary was built of wood and therefore could not have been preserved in any way, but the earthen rampart that has survived to this day (extremely low in height, less than 2 m) shows that the circular structure and rampart from ancient times had not a defensive meaning, but a ritual and sacred one. The temple city is a traditional ancient Russian Vedic sanctuary, inside which prayers and sacrifices took place, the towers served as temples of the god Rod.

Many temple cities were built according to this type, not only in Rus', but also in all the lands where the Proto-Slavs lived, starting from Corsica (Nuraghi culture) to the miraculously preserved city of Izborsk.

Fig.4a. Yuriev-Polsky Yar Rod

Rice. 4b. Yuriev-Polsky Yar Rod - reading inscriptions

Photos No. 4 a and 4 b are the same photo, only turned from east to west. On the slope of the earthen rampart there is an inscription, from left to right: ARIES YAR ROD, then there is a repetition and it ends with the glorification of the god Rod: THE WORLD OF ROD. In the upper circle one can see the zoomorphic face of the god ROD in the form of a LION with his paws raised up. Below in the large circle is the inscription: YAR ROD, which is repeated many times, on the right in the small circle is the inscription, made diagonally: AREEA.

Rice. 5a. Monastery walls

Fig.5b. Inscriptions on the walls of the monastery - reading

If you carefully examine the walls and towers of Yuryev-Polsky, you will find many dedicatory inscriptions to the Vedic gods! This phenomenal phenomenon in our folk history and culture is quite understandable. The fact of dual faith in Rus' continued to exist for 1700 years: from the preaching and baptism of the Slavic Russians by Apostle Andrew until the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. Proof of this immutable fact are all the temples and monasteries that have survived to this day, built before the reign of the Romanov dynasty.

Fig.6a. Altar apse

Fig.6b. Inscriptions on the Altar Apse

On the altar apse of St. George's Cathedral, along the lower belt, inscriptions are visible, from left to right: YAR, YAR, YAR, TEMPLE OF THE ROD.

Fig.7a. Another Altar Apse

Fig.7b. Inscriptions on the Altar Apse

The photo shows the western wall of the Archangel Michael Monastery in the city of Yuryev-Polsky. In the foreground you can see a corner tower, on which there are inscriptions: YAR ROD TEMPLE, next to it are three “Rod wheels”. Along the lower part of the fortress wall, under the loopholes, you can see a large inscription “in a line”: MIR YAR MIR, and on the next tower - YAR ROD.

1. The city of Yuryev-Polskaya is one of the oldest sanctuaries in Rus' dedicated to the Russian Vedic gods Rod and Yar. Judging by the layout of Detinets, the city is a giant wheel, the inner part of which is divided crosswise into four equal parts. The oldest wooden walls of the city formed a Vedic fortress-temple. During the Christianization of Rus', ancient Russian builders did not violate this layout. Nowadays the city is also divided into four parts: St. Michael the Archangel Monastery, Cathedral Square with two cathedral churches, two suburbs located on the southwestern and northwestern sides. The earthen rampart surrounding the ancient city was never of a defensive nature, but served as a circular earthen frame for the ancient sanctuary.

2. Based on the well-preserved architectural ensemble of the Archangel Michael Monastery of the 14th–16th centuries, as well as the St. George Cathedral of the 12th century, we can state the fact of a continuous Vedic tradition on Russian soil since prehistoric times, that is, the Paleolithic (the cult of Rod, Mokosh, Yar and Mary dates back to the Paleolithic), until the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. Judging by the ubiquitous Vedic inscriptions on the walls, towers and temples of the city of Yuryev-Polsky, the religious Vedic folk tradition existed here until the 17th century.

Route for exploring Yuryev-Polsky on your own for 1-2 days

Yuryev-Polsky, whose sights attract many tourists, can be easily explored on your own in 1-2 days. The streets are well-groomed and pleasant, so your walk will be pleasant and eventful. The houses retain the spirit of the old buildings and the decor of that time.

Walking tour 1 day:

1. It is worth starting your walk from the preserved bell tower of the Peter and Paul Monastery. The monastery itself is almost completely destroyed. The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Peter and Paul have also not been preserved, so you can only see the ruins. But the remains also make up a unique spectacle. There are stairs leading to the bell tower, but you need to climb carefully.
2. Having descended from the bell tower, you need to go to the other side. Here is the Church of the Ascension of the Lord, which has existed since the 18th century. Restoration work is currently underway, so you won’t be able to go inside. The entrance is blocked by new forged gates of unique workmanship.

3. From here you should head towards the central part of the city. On the way there will be the Church of the Nativity of Christ and Boris and Gleb. The buildings have been almost completely restored. You can go inside and look around. Employees allow photography and filming. The interior decoration is striking in its bright and light appearance.
4. Next will be the Church of the Holy Great Martyr Nikita, which has existed since 1796. The building is made of red brick in a classical architectural style. The windows are unusually long, allowing the room to be filled with plenty of natural light.
5. The Holy Intercession Church is located nearby. The entrance is through the bell tower. Here you are allowed to simply examine the decorations without a camera.
6. A little further there is a shopping center with a small cafe. You can have a snack here. And this is where the inspection ends.

Second day of the walk:

1. The tour can be continued from the surrounding area near the shopping center. There are many administrative buildings here, which are strikingly different from the architecture of the ancient city.
2. Next there will be a monument to Vladimir Lenin, made in full height. You can take a photo here.

3. On the streets of the city you often come across poles with the tricolor of the Russian flag printed on them. This shows the special patriotism of the local residents.
4. A little further away there are amazing bus stops, designed in the shape of an interesting tree crown. The benches and the building itself are painted in bright colors and make you look at the city differently.
5. Further along are shopping arcades built at the beginning of the 19th century. There is still brisk trade here.
6. Then the path goes to the Archangel Michael Monastery, which is protected by ancient ramparts.
7. Near the park there is a local landmark - a flower kiosk in the shape of a carriage. A photo with a stall in the background will be remembered for a long time.
8. A walk along the alleys of the newlyweds' park provides many panoramic spots for interesting and memorable photographs.
9. A little further there is a monument to Yu. Dolgoruky. Behind it are hills and church domes. You can go up and see the whole city.

Hotels in Yuryev-Polsky

The town is small, but has several hotels where you can stay. Many are located in the central part, offering beautiful views of historical buildings. Prices per room are close to the cost of a room in a large metropolis - from 1,500 rubles. and higher. The design of the rooms is cozy and clean.

When visiting the city you can stay in the following apartments:

1. The hotel has rooms that can accommodate ordinary city guests, not business travelers. Located at the address - st. Zavodskaya, 1A. There is a separate kitchen with a microwave, kettle, electric stove and dishes where you can prepare lunch or dinner yourself. There is no cafe or restaurant here. You can buy groceries in nearby stores. Room rates start from 1,500 rubles.
2. Hotel Pokrovskaya has a small number of rooms. Located at the address - st. Vladimirskaya, 22. The price includes breakfast. Suites have a separate kitchen with a microwave, kettle and kitchenware. Room price – from 1500 rub.

   
   

3. The Yuryevskaya Hotel is located on Sovetskaya Square. Breakfast is included in the room rate. You can have lunch or dinner at the Golden Calf cafe, which is located next to the hotel. The cost of a room is from 2000 rubles.
4. The small hotel Zhemchuzhina has low prices - in the range of 1200-1500 rubles. Located at the address - st. Shibankova, 72. The city center is a 5-minute walk away. The hotel has only 4 small rooms.

Where to eat in Yuryev-Polsky

The city does not have an active flow of tourists, which greatly affects public catering establishments. There are few cafes and restaurants here. The cost per person varies from 500 to 700 rubles. for a full lunch. The range includes traditional Russian and European cuisine.

You can have lunch and dinner at the following establishments:

1. The Golden Calf cafe is located on Sovetskaya Square next to the Yuryevskaya Hotel. Reproductions from the film of the same name hang on the walls. The menu features a standard set of dishes from any cafe. Prices start from 100 rubles. for something hot. On average, it costs 500-700 rubles per person.
2. Cafe "Bagration" is located on the ground floor of the Bagration shopping center. You can go to the cafe just to have a snack, celebrate an anniversary, etc. There is always live music in the hall, which brings a special flavor. Lunch price per person from 500 rubles.
3. Cafe "Golden Ring" is located on Sovetskaya Square and is small in size. Tables and chairs are made of wood. The cost of dishes starts from 50 rubles. The cuisine is mainly Russian, but there are some European offerings.

4. Cafe "Aquarelle" is located at st. Zavodskaya, 9. Employees often have lunch here. The menu is characterized by a set of standard dishes from Russian cuisine with low prices.
5. The cafe "At the Bus Station" is located directly in the bus station building. Prepared meals usually include simple sandwiches, light snacks, sweet pastries and pies, hot and cold drinks. Here you can have a snack upon arrival or while waiting for the bus.
6. Cafe "Teremok" positions itself as a children's cafe. Birthday banquets with animators are often booked here. Located at the address - st. 1st May, 29. The menu mainly consists of children's dishes, but there is also something for adults to snack on. Therefore, when visiting the city with children, you can have lunch here.
7. Cafe "Favorit" is located on Zavodskaya street, 3A. consists of 3 floors, on which there is a sports bar, a banquet hall and a VIP room. The menu has a wide range and affordable prices. Starts working from 12:00.

How to get around Yuryev-Polsky

Yuryev-polsky is a small ancient city. If you wish, you can easily walk around it. All attractions are located close to each other. Also, a walk will allow you to take many interesting photographs, which are problematic to take from the inside of a car or bus.

The city has a well-developed taxi network. If you wish, you can call a car and get to the desired address. Prices start from 50 rubles.

Minibuses and buses run on schedule at different intervals - 15-20 minutes. To explore interesting places that are located outside the city, you can call a taxi or take a bus. Public transport departs from the bus station. You can find out the schedule in advance by phone.

Yuryev-Polsky has existed since the 12th century, so many of the attractions are represented by ancient buildings. In those days, religious culture was highly developed, which is reflected in the large number of temples and monasteries. The unique buildings have preserved the grandeur and spirit of those years, which can be felt when visiting.

Article design: Mila Friedan

Administrative subordination includes:

Cities:

• City of Yuryev-Polsky

Villages:

• Village Bildino
• Borisovka village
• Village Vasilyevka
• Veska village
• Vizhegsha village
• Village Voskresenskoye
• Village of Vypolzovo
• Village Gavriltsevo
• Village Dergaevo
• Village Drozdovo
• Village Egorovka
• Yelokh Village
• Village Zhelezovo
• Village Zventsovo
• Village Karabanikha
• Village Karandyshevo
• Village Klyuchevaya
• Village Knyazhikha
• Village Kolenovo
• Village Kolokoltsevo
• Village Lazarevskoye
• Village Lukino
• Village Markovo
• Village Makhlino
• Mihali village
• Village Mukino
• Village Nevezhino
• Village Novaya
• Village Novopavlovka
• Osipovets village
• Ryabinki village
• Sluda village
• Village Starkovo
• Tereshki village
• Village Teslovo
• Village Tursino
• Village Turygino
• Village Khoroshovka
• Chuvashikha village
• Village Shadrino
• Village Yurkovo
• Baskaki village
• Village Elkhovskoe forestry
• Kokorekino village
• Village Malo-Petrovskoye
• Village Tartyshevo
• Terentyevka village
• Shegodskaya village
• Petryatkovo village

Place:

• The town of Lucky
• Shordoga town

Villages:

• Ababurovo village
• Avdotyino village
• Village Aleksino
• Andreevskoe village
• Andreevskoe village
• Village Afineevo
• Belyanitsyno village
• Berezniki village
• Village Bogdanovskoye
• Village Bogorodskoye
• Bolsheluchinskoe village
• Bolshepetrovskoe village
• Village Varvarino
• Volstvinovo village
• Gorki village
• Village Gorodishche
• Village Goryainovo
• Village Grigorovo
• Village Dobrynskoye
• Village Dubrava
• Village Zaborye
• Village Ivorovo
• Village Ilyinskoye
• Village Inalovo
• Village Kalinovka
• Village Karelskaya Slobodka
• Village Brick Factory
• Village Kosinskoye
• Village Kotluchino
• Krasnaya Gorka village
• Village Krasnoe
• Village of Krasnoye Zarechye
• Village Kubaevo
• Village Kuzmadino
• Village Kumino
• Village Kuchki
• Village Lednevo
• Village Deciduous
• Village Lykovo
• Maloluchinskoe village
• Village Matveyshevo
• Nebyloe village
• Village Nenashevskoye
• Village Nesterovo
• Nikulskoe village
• Village Novoe
• Ozerny village
• Village Opolye
• Village Pavlovskoye
• Village Palazino
• Village Parsha
• Penye village
• Village Podlesny
• Village Podolets
• Village Poelovo
• Village Prechista Gora
• Village Prigorodny
• Village Rucheiki
• Village Ratislovo
• Village Ryabinino
• Village Svaino
• Village Simizino
• Village Seminskoye
• Village Sima
• The village of Soroguzhino
• Sosnovy Bor village
• The village of Spasskoye
• Village Starnikovo
• Tenki village
• Village Ternovka
• Fedorovskoe village
• The village of Fedosino
• Village Frolovskoye
• Village Khvoyny
• Village Chekovo
• Village Cherkasovo
• Shegodskoe village
• Village Shipilovo
• Village Shikhobalovo
• Village Enthusiast
• Village Bogdanovsky fish hatchery
• Vorogovo village
• Village Yeltsy
• Village Isakovo
• Kalman village
• Village Kosagovo
• Village of Maymor
• Village Parkovy
• Village of Peremilovo
• Village of Radovanie
• Village Starkovo
• Village Turabyevo
• Fedorovskoe village
• Village Chernokulovo
• Village Kamenka